Leybold Vakuum BPG050 is a compact vacuum sensor that combines Pirani and capacitive sensing elements to cover the range from 1500 mbar down to 5×10⁻⁵ mbar with analogue or digital output. Common failure modes include drift of the thermopile due to contamination, loss of calibration after prolonged exposure to high temperatures, and degradation of the capacitive dielectric layer leading to offset errors. Initial diagnostics should verify that the sensor’s power supply voltage is within ±5 % of the specified 12 VDC (or 24 VDC for digital modules), check continuity of the output leads and confirm the reference resistance in the signal conditioning circuit, then review any error codes or anomalous readings on the host controller.[oss-gpt-20b]